Integrating mid-circuit measurements with real-time feedforward control enables adaptive quantum circuits to execute both unitary and non-unitary dynamics, fundamentally advancing near-term NISQ experiments as well as quantum error correction. However, implementing such control subject to device coherence and readout constraints remains a major technological challenge, particularly for the nanosecond timescale of superconducting circuits. Here, we report on the experimental realization of adaptive quantum circuits to deterministically prepare long-range entangled states beyond conventional constant-depth unitary limits on a superconducting processor. Specifically, we demonstrate the adaptive generation of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Furthermore, by feeding stabilizer outcomes into fast classical control, we realize single-shot correction of a topologically ordered state in the Kitaev surface code. Our findings motivate the further development of theoretical concepts towards practical applications leveraging adaptive circuits on current dynamic processors.